Health Dissertation ideas †Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry

Presentation Pathology that causes metatarsalgia Morton’s Neuroma can be depicted as a perineural fibrosis and nerve pressure of the regular advanced nerve. This condition regularly happens in the second and third intermetatarsal spaces, in spite of the fact that it very well may be seen in other intermetatarsal spaces (Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010). As indicated by Adams (2010) neuroma might be reciprocal, are progressively pervasive in female grown-ups beginning their third decade of life. While the real reason for Morton’s neuroma isn't clear, it is accepted to be related with hypermobility of the metatarsals, notwithstanding monotonous movements which eventually crush nerves in metatarsals. There are proposals from episodic examinations that Morton’s neuroma is straightforwardly connected to smash wounds or dreary running or hopping movements. The aftereffects of such monotonous activities may prompt harm or injury on the zone of the forefoot. There is additionally the chance of auxiliary misalignment and mechanical variations from the norm that might be competent at the forefoot, which may subsequently prompt production of suggestive Morton’s neuroma (Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010). Basic misalignment for this situation may allude to parallel pressure of foot, which can prompt constant agony when aroused bursa is crushed between the metatarsal heads. Hauser (2011) sees that one of the most widely recognized basic concerns is the likelihood that remiss in intermetatarsal tendon may cause between advanced nerve tissue to move into an off-base spot, especially in the middle of the regions of metatarsal heads and be dependent upon complete injury. The normal emotional history dependent on patients’ reports is typically portrayed by deadness and shivering, and transmitting and copying torment. Patients’ reports likewise propose that the torment is confined at the plantar part of the particular intermetatarsal space, in spite of the fact that it can likewise broaden itself and transmit into other nearby toes of the contaminated individual (Berry, Gonzalez, Bowman, 2012). Patients regularly depict their sentiment of â€Å"lump† on the foot’s base. Essentially, these side effects may rise when the contaminated completes a weight-bearing movement. Reports show that shut toed shoes, especially the tight-fitting ones can prompt increment in manifestations, and patients report alleviation after they evacuate or change their shoes (Summers, 2010). Alleviation may likewise be experienced when the patient back rubs their foot or moves the toes around. Etiology of this condition and how it would be perceived clinically Exploration has set up that Morton’s neuroma is extraordinary as far as clinical symptomatic necessities or requirements (Drury, 2011). This is on the grounds that in spite of the fact that patients much of the time report indications, for example, deadness, there is proof that tangible shortfall could conceivably be discovered when the patient experiences assessment. Drury (2011) sees that there might be an exhibition of spreading or difference of the digits when clinical introduction is completed, and that as a rule practically no edema or aggravation can be watched clinically. Commonly, recreating torment with palpation to the intermetatarsal space is an ordinary movement, however care must be taken to place the weight in the space, and maintain a strategic distance from the metatarsal heads. There have been different clinical methodologies to help clinicians viably analyze Morton’s neuroma. Schreiber et al (2011); Faraj and Hosur (2010) report that patients may show a Mulder’s sign, which is incited by crushing the forefoot and leading utilization of plantar and dorsal weight. As such, clinical test for Morton’s neuroma has from the start been to pack the foot by applying strain to the clinical and sidelong parts of the foot at the metatarsophangeal joints, which thus squeezes nerves (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2010: 503). A positive clinical test result includes a pop or snap that can be felt and heard simultaneously. This pop or snap is normally agonizing to the patient. There is a chance of reproducing side effects of Morton’s neuroma in a procedure including Gauthier’ test, where the forefoot is crushed and average to horizontal weight is applied (Beltran et al., 2010). Mayo Clinic (2010) has in this manner portrayed a test comprising of spraining the toes and rolling the thumb of the analyst in the zone of side effects, a procedure that may recognize a delicate, thickened, and longitudinal mass of substance. Clinical discoveries likewise demonstrate that Morton’s neuroma may give Tinel’s indication just as Valleix wonder (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012). The other pathway for distinguishing Morton’s neuroma is symptomatic trying. This procedure includes plain radiography, ultrasound, and attractive reverberation imaging (Summers, 2010). Radiographs are routinely requested to preclude musculoskeletal pathology, despite the fact that ascent in closeness of the adjoining metatarsal heads is accepted to bring about expanded weight of the intermetatarsal nerve. Besides, Hause (2010) found no noteworthy connection between's radiographic discoveries and the clinical nearness of neuromas. Furthermore, there is the proposal to utilize ultrasound in the indicative assessment of the interspaces (Hause, 2010). Drury (2011: 19) sees that there is a probability of a neuroma showing up as an ovoid mass with hypoechoic signal-mass to the long pivot of the metatarsals. . Adams (2010), nonetheless, exhorts that despite the fact that MRI is a valuable analytic apparatus, it ought to consistently be saved for atypical introductions or to wipe out numerous neuromas. Fundamentally, neuroma can be best distinguished on T1 weighted pictures, and it’s liable to come out as a very much differentiated mass with insignificant sign force. In rundown, clinical demonstrative way to deal with recognize Morton’s neuroma can be accomplished by guaranteeing that assessment and symptomatic testing has precluded some other etiologies of indications. Traditionalist treatment mediation for Morton’s neuroma No best treatment intercessions have been recognized in the writing for treatment of Morton’s neuroma. Moderate mediation for Morton’s neuroma is viewed as perhaps the best treatment options for the condition. Be that as it may, a portion of the normal traditionalist treatment choices include changing shoe type, utilization of metatarsal cushions, and utilization of non-steroidal mitigating drugs, overseeing sclerosing liquor infusions, and precisely transposing the culpable nerve (Summers, 2010). Numerous specialists and physical advisors have prescribed that patients are settled for a particular timeframe, and diminish exercises that may inspire torment (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012). Infusions as an intercession Different clinical examinations have presented the need to consider infusion as a superior treatment alternative for Morton’s neuroma over other non-careful treatment choices accessible. In an examination led by Drury (2010) distinctive moderate treatment quantifies regularly produce comparative outcomes. In a little randomized forthcoming investigation of 23 patients, the specialists analyzed decrease in neuroma torment when supinatory or pronatory insoles are utilized. In the investigation, there was no unequivocal consideration or rejection standards other than clinical analysis, and no member or evaluator was viewed as oblivious in regards to the mediation portions. The examination had 13 percent of the members (two patients) drop out following one month into the trial. Following a year, torment in the supination and pronation insole bunches diminished by 50 percent and 45 percent, individually a decrease thought about inconsequential. In another examination, a genuinely dynamic 25-year-old female with analyzed indicative Morton’s neuroma was gotten through a back rub treatment meetings. The six-meeting rub treatment included a 60 brief week after week knead practice including postural arrangement notwithstanding restricted foot and leg treatment. The patient was likewise put to finish at-home day by day work out, with a week by week observing of progress by the advisor who reevaluated the patient’s pose and guaranteeing the customer rounds out an agony overview dependent on a Visual Analog Scale. The outcomes demonstrated dynamic change on the customer as far as agony character. Explicit patient report shows that the torment character changed from consuming and cutting to dull and beating sensation after three meetings. There was additionally a decrease in torment during exercise. Despite the fact that this examination recommends that knead treatment is a noteworthy treatment for Morton’s neuroma, its shortcoming depends on the way that the treatment just included one customer. No examination has demonstrated the viability of the technique on a bigger randomized control considers. In a forthcoming randomized examination including 82 patients, the specialists thought about steroid infusions alone dependent on shoe alterations (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman 2012). A portion of the recorded essential results showed restraint fulfillment, which is fundamentally the nearness or nonattendance of torment, the agony force, and return of torment a short time later. The consequences of the examination demonstrated that steroid infusions yielded better result regarding quiet fulfillment, contrasted and other preservationist choices, for example, shoe adjustments alone. In this examination, 23 percent of shoe-alteration patients accomplished total fulfillment following one month of intercession. This was fundamentally lower than the 50 percent of patients who experienced noteworthy agony decrease following one month of steroid infusion. Following a half year, 28.6 percent of the members experienced fulfillment with shoe adjustment, fundamentally lower than 73.5 percent fulfillment among the individuals who had gotten infusion. Despite the fact that the thing that matters was critical lower following one year with 63 percent fulfillment with shoe alteration and 82 percent with infusion, the decrease could h

Models of Decision Making

One poor choice that I made over a year prior happened when I was an individual from the board of trustees of a little, fundamental business organization some place in Texas, which was just beginning to barge in under ten years of operation.â Having perused from articles that IT had become such an indispensable piece of the business systems of most organizations these days since it raked in some serious cash, aided terms of the board and data, and that it kept records more secure and quicker, the idea made me imagine that IT was truly what we needed.â We were near the precarious edge of entering the following higher phase of business. We did conceptualizing about the following methodology to execute by the next year, so the business would be increasingly effective and noticeable for the following phase of business.â I recommended about contributing with IT types of gear, as this would have stretched out our business sectors and administrations to have the option to contact more clients in further states.â The choice ended up being a poor one in view of misunderstanding and carelessness, just as an inappropriate decision of procedure and application. Significant Analysis Utilizing the ‘rational model’ in settling on singular choices, the choice that I utilized in playing out an IT speculation to the business can be sketched out as follows: I. Shaping the choice A.â â â Identifying the issue 1. There was an issue as far as practical and frameworks approach, as the assembling was not smooth and organized, and the undertakings were not done proficiently. 2.There was an issue when it came to gracefully chain the executives, particularly that the fixings ought to have just been prepared when the requests were sent. 3.There was an issue when it came to proficient floor the executives, so the arrangement didn't stream easily and rapidly. B. Producing elective arrangements 1. Improve utilitarian framework by improving systems, errands, and objectives. 2.Improve flexibly chain framework by trading more tightly coordination with the provider organizations. 3. Improve IT framework by utilizing the speculation fund. C. Choosing an answer 1.The picked option ought to take care of or mitigate as much issues as possible handle. 2. The picked option ought to be deliberately and monetarily satisfactory. 3.The picked option should introduce qualities, data, and aptitudes that could be benefited from the current condition. II.Negative outcomes of the choice A.Negative budgetary results 1. About 68% of the all out accessible store didn't realize the normal outcomes. 2.Overall benefit arrived at just $97,000, with a credit adding up to $200,000 in addition to organization costs. B.Negative persuasive outcomes 1.The staffs and the council lost inspiration in the wake of being reported that the organization had lost the greater part of the normal returns. 2.The staffs and the council lost inspiration in light of the fact that the organization nearly tumbled to liquidation. C.Negative individual criticism 1. I lost my situation as the second consultant of the fund organization. 2.I was nearly terminated from the organization. III.Importance of the choice A.Importance to the organization 1. The choice would have tackled issues in useful, flexibly chain, and productive floor the executives. 2.The choice would have made a connection and opportunity with solid IT organizations in the earth. B.Importance to the higher staffs 1.Improvement in the useful and effective floor the board would have prompted higher benefits and greater returns. 2. Improvement in benefits and returns would have prompted greater chances and speculations. C.Importance to me 1.The choice, in the event that it were effective, would have advanced me as the main counselor of the money organization. 2. The choice, on the off chance that it were fruitful, would have inspired me to do greater ventures in the midst of the dangers. Three choice speculations, which were practiced in the arranging and usage of the choice were the accompanying: Above all else is the ‘rational model’, which fixates on extensive levelheadedness and the feeling of the alternatives.â The objective model shows up at a choice by going over the four unmistakable advances: first is distinguishing the issue; second is creating elective arrangements; third is choosing the arrangement; fourth and last is executing and assessing the arrangement (Baker III, 2001, p.1).â It presents the dynamic procedure by helping me, first, in calling attention to what precisely is the issue in the organization; at that point by thinking about the choices that can be utilized, which would settle the issues that were close by. Second choice hypothesis that was utilized in the arranging and usage of the choice is the ‘political model’, which utilizes the association as an alliance, with procedural levelheadedness controlling the dynamic process.â In this model, what controls are the accompanying perspectives: first is natural vulnerability; second is asset reliance; third is task relationship; fourth and last is objective clash (Rotman School of Management, 2001, p.4).â The soundness of the system seems, by all accounts, to be generally significant. Third hypothesis that was utilized in the dynamic procedure is the ‘instance-based model’, wherein choices depend on examples and the picked elective sprouts through ‘accumulated experience’ (Gonzalez&Lebiere, 2004, p.8).â Because we have known different organizations that got fruitful in the wake of putting resources into the IT, for example, Vanguard Group, at that point it got sensible for us that our organization will likewise prevail as far as IT investment.â We neglected to reason that the inside and outer conditions are two significant variables. End In light of my examination in the ongoing pages, apparently settling on decisions and choices for an organization ought not depend entirely on one individual or gathering of persons.â There ought to conceptualize from various gatherings that accept on various ways and strategies.â People make decisions too hastily.â Each factor ought to be dissected gradually and productively, particularly with regards to the funds and the profits of the accounts. With respect to me, I have taken in the exercise that it takes two to tango†¦ not only two, truth be told; the more there is then the better.â It is acceptable to settle on choices in pairs†¦ yet significantly better on the off chance that we destroy them various sets. References Bread cook III, E.â (2001).â Decision making.â Retrieved November 23, 2007, from Dr. H. Eugene Baker’s Homepage: http://www.unf.edu/~gbaker/Man6204/Decision.PDF. Rotman School of Management.â (2001).â Contingency structure: models of choice making.â Retrieved November 23, 2007 Â

Organisations culture Essay Example for Free

Associations culture Essay 1.Executive rundown In this paper I take a gander at how associations create culture and how this culture can be made, controlled and changed my administration. I likewise take a gander at what different elements can change and influence an organizations culture. The paper will take the accompanying organization. A meaning of culture and the issues related with its definition. I at that point take a gander at how organisationl culture creates, with a clarification of the degrees of social examination, a glance at the different various sorts of culture, and the job of the pioneer/administrator in making the associations culture. How culture can be changed and the aptitudes and activities required by the board to effectively actualize a social change. I at that point get done with an end. 2.Defining hierarchical culture What is authoritative culture? This it has been found, isn't a simple inquiry to reply. The idea of culture has its underlying foundations in humanities, the investigation of human issues. In this specific situation, culture has been utilized to assign two distinct things. A clan or a social gathering is concentrated as a culture that produces and may have social antiques. The second utilization of the term alludes to perspectives inside a given culture, for example, customs, ceremonies, information, etc. (Sackman, S, 1991). With regards to hierarchical culture it is to a great extent the second methodology that is considered. Despite the fact that individuals may not know intentionally of culture, it despite everything has an enticing impact over their conduct and activities. (Mullins, L, 2002). This announcement clarifies that in spite of the fact that we might not have the information that we have a place with a specific social gathering it will at present affect our conduct and i n a hierarchical sense, our working lives. The way of life idea started to influence authoritative deduction in the late 1970s and mid 1980s. In spite of the fact that is it clear in thoughts from various prior scholars, for instance Bernard (1938) and Jacques (1952). In the event that we take a gander at various diverse of associations it is obvious to see that things are done any other way. This thought applies to all associations, even in comparable organizations that are working in a similar industry. Tesco providesâ much a similar assistance as Sainsburys, yet on close assessment we would have the option to see the distinctions where the two organizations work. It is increasingly troublesome anyway to portray how things are done another way, or why the organization feels unique. A significant issue with the idea of culture is how much people, associations or whole networks show attributes which are steady inside it. (Martin, J, 2001). Do every single British individuals show attributes that are reliable with British culture? Obviously despite the fact that there are numerous similitudes in the conduct of individuals inside a characterized culture, that singular contrasts give some assortment. The equivalent should likewise be expected with regards to authoritative culture. Another issue with finding a definition for hierarchical culture is the sheer number of definitions that as of now exist. Kroeber and Kluckhorn list in excess of 250 meanings of culture, that incorporate segments, for example, thoughts, ideas, belief systems esteems, mentalities, objectives, standards, learned practices, images, rituals, ceremonies, customs, fantasies, propensities or relics, for example, instruments and other material portrayals. (Sackman, S, 1991). This unavoidably prompts disarray among specialists with regards to an all inclusive meaning of hierarchical culture. The term the manner in which we get things done around here (Deal and Kennedy, 1988) is regularly acknowledged as an operational meaning of authoritative culture. Anyway this offers little as far as the substance of culture. Kilman et al. (1985) recommends culture is the mirrors the belief systems, shared methods of reasoning, values convictions, suppositions, perspectives, desires, and standards of an association 3.Levels of culture Presently we have taken a gander at a meaning of authoritative culture we should look further into what creates and makes up an associations culture. As indicated by Schein (1985), authoritative culture is comprised of three levels. Noticeable authoritative structures and procedures (Difficult to unravel) Methodologies, objectives, ways of thinking (Upheld legitimization) Oblivious, underestimated convictions, propensities for recognition, thought and feeling (Extreme wellspring of qualities and activity) The Levels of Organizational Culture, Schein, E (1985) Antiques These structure the surface degree of culture. They incorporate all the things that an individual sees, hears and has contact with. In an association it would be the design of nature, for example, the administration pecking order, its innovation, its manifestations and items and its style as far as habits of address both here and there the chain of importance, clothing standards and formal techniques. Schein distinguishes the most significant purpose of this level being that antiquities are anything but difficult to recognize however difficult to translate. Two associations may well have a similar framework in activity however they can mean various things as far as the way of life of the association. Schein places his point into a model by saying both the Egyptians and Mayas manufactured huge pyramids, however they were tombs in a single culture and sanctuaries in the other. This point is repudiated by Gagliardi (1990) who says ones own reaction to physical ancient rarities, for example, structures and other office formats can prompt the distinguishing proof of significant pictures and root representations that mirror the most profound degrees of culture. This is bolstered by my own understanding. I have worked in a grocery store, anâ organisation with a tall administration chain of command. A large number of the ancient rarities of the association gave the impression of a proper culture. An exacting formally dressed clothing standard was set up, with the board wearing various hues from subordinates, and formal types of address being utilized. The organization was likewise to a great extent bureaucratic with innumerable structures to be rounded out a huge quantities of standard techniques set up. One individual anyway may take a gander at a casual association and class it as wasteful and useless, while another may class it as imaginative and liberated from pointless administration, this relies upon the people past previously established inclinations about the ancient rarities that are available. Qualities Qualities are typically one people convictions about a given circumstance. In the event that an administrator accepts that at a specific season his/her organization should run at a lower limit because of interest and so on. This is ascribed to his own qualities. Just once these qualities are followed up on, effectively actualized and acknowledged by the association do they become changed into basic presumptions. From a showcasing point of view, a portion of these qualities may stay cognizant and might be expressly expressed in a companys statement of purpose as the predominant estimations of the association (Deal and Kennedy, 1982). Just qualities that are solid that can be truly and socially approved, they are affirmed by the gatherings encounters, experience his change procedure. Basic suspicions On the off chance that an answer for an issue works much of the time, at that point it is frequently acknowledged when in doubt for tackling the given issue. The intensity of culture approaches on the grounds that these suspicions are shared inside the gathering and are along these lines commonly strengthened. These suspicions can regularly cause issues when another person, with an alternate arrangement of hidden presumptions from a past culture, joins the association. As people we like solidness. Any choice which difficulties or questions a hidden presumption, for example, changing a costing strategy, or a technique for creation, will probably prompt nervousness and protectiveness inside the association. An expertise required by directors wishing to change parts of an associations culture is to perceive this association, to get to the more profound degrees of culture, and to manage the uneasiness that outcomes when these suspicions are changed. The three phases are connected continually together. Fundamental presumptions are treated as the substance what culture truly seems to be; and qualities and practices are treated as watched appearances of the way of life quintessence. (Mullins, 2002). We can see presently how culture is created in term of qualities being followed up on and acknowledged by the association, these qualities being changed into basic suspicions and the ancient rarities of the association being framed by the understanding of these hidden presumptions. 4.Types of hierarchical culture Convenient (1993) distinguishes four kinds of authoritative culture. Force culture Force societies rotate around a central individual or little gathering, this individual or gathering has outright force all through the whole association. It is frequently found in little pioneering organizations, and depends to a great extent on trust and correspondence. It is typically non-bureaucratic with not many conventional methodology. The accomplishment of the association relies to a great extent upon the ability of the central individual or gathering. Job culture Job societies are regularly to a great extent bureaucratic, it is frequently portrayed as few ranking directors laying on the solid mainstays of the different elements of the association. Every individual includes a predefined job inside a component of the association which thus has a predetermined job withinâ organisation all in all. These jobs are relied upon to be clung to and it is uncommon for an individual or capacity to veer off into various territories of the business. Consistency and soundness are two primary topics inside this sort of culture. This sort of culture frequently creates in huge organizations with enormous quantities of staff and a tall administration pecking order. Organizations with this sort of culture will in general have consistent destinations and work in to a great extent prescient markets. Again this relates back my own understanding as this kind of culture is generally pervasive in grocery store chains. Undertaking society Undertaking societies perceive the targets and objectives of the association as being central. Convenient depicts this as a net or framework culture. Force is regularly shared by a group of specialists who are exceptionally flexibility t

Nursing Research The Effects of Yoga on Body and Soul - 550 Words

Nursing Research: The Effects of Yoga on Body and Soul (Research Paper Sample) Content: The Effects of Yoga on Body and SoulStudents NameInstitutional AffiliationThe Effects of Yoga on Body and SoulAccording to research, the practice of yoga has been existent over the last five centuries. Since its introduction into the world of sports, yoga has remained vital and influential in controlling a persons body, mind, and soul. Additionally, yoga involves various methods, which are dynamic in enhancing a persons spiritual, mental, and physical calisthenics (Farhi, 2011). Singleton (2010) affirms that yoga has a significant effect on the body and soul of the trainee. For example, yoga makes a person cleanse their inner self, be in a jovial disposition, and give their bodies a new lease on life. Moreover, yoga helps a person reduce various fears, which may emanate from anxiety.Practicing yoga on a daily basis can stimulate the flexibility of a persons body. Researchers opine that the primary purpose of practicing yoga is to enhance the litheness of the body. Dur ing the first lessons of practicing yoga, most participants cannot touch their toes, but with little practice of different postures, they manage to touch their toes. Fields (2014) exemplifies that Bikram yoga, an exceptional form of the sport consists of twenty-six different styles, which increase the elasticity of a persons lower back, hamstring, and shoulders.Additionally, yoga has an affirmative impact on the mood of the participant. Researchers aver that practicing yoga can help a person release chemicals known as Endorphins, which may be detrimental to the health of an individual. Besides, yoga helps a person improve their mood swings, thus, making it easy for the partaker to cope with rage and tension (Singleton, 2010). Consequently, yoga can help individuals learn how to deal with depression. Statistics illustrate that at least twenty sessions of yoga can help persons suffering from depression learn how to stave off detrimental ideas, such as committing suicide (Farhi, 2011). Although yoga has multiple restitutions, studies indicate that yoga has various disadvantages, such as lack of enough qualified trainers and expensive training equipment. Predominantly, yoga can affect a participants budget since the price of purchasing a yoga mat, straps, blocks, and clothing can exceed $700, thus, making it hectic for low-income earners to afford (Fields, 2014). For that reason, most low-income earner...

The Country Music Group Exile - 1362 Words

The country music group Exile had many changes in line-up during its first sixteen years, including the loss of their lead singer Jimmy Stokley around the release of their album All There Is. Despite this, the group managed to assess their abilities and turn Exile into a new and arguably more successful group as they went on in their career. This group proves that there’s a way to get around every obstacle, because they are still playing even now, 53 years after their original debut. The groups first album released after Jimmy Stokley’s forced departure was not one that the group enjoyed recording. All There Is was full of disco influence; a style that was being forced on many groups at the time. As a group that did not even like disco,†¦show more content†¦For a good amount of time, Buzz lost contact with the members of Exile, but has since reconciled with them He attended the band’s thirty-year anniversary and a benefit for Jimmy Stokley in 1984. Following Buzz’s departure, Exile hit a slump. Heart and Soul failed to reach the charts, and Exile was just not as popular in the rock industry as they would have liked to be. The group received some critical reviews, most notably one from the New York Times, in which the reporter said â€Å"I only wish I hadn’t rushed through traffic to see Exile† (177). Under new management, Exile decided to move completely into the country genre. Despite the groups hesitations, this turne d out to be a beneficial change. Country music was in its first stages of reform, and at the time was popular for incorporating elements of pop. Exiles approach to the genre paved a new path to success. In order to gain a new fan base in this unfamiliar territory, Exile took off six weeks in order to learn popular country songs and put together various medleys. Among these medleys were an Everly Brothers medley, a 15-minute Beatles medley, and, most importantly, a 15-minute Motown medley. The Motown medley consisted of five songs: â€Å"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I’m Yours,† â€Å"Ain’t Too Proud to Beg,† â€Å"My Girl,† â€Å"I Can’t Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch),† and â€Å"Stop! In the Name of Love.† When Buddy Killen invited Exile to play aShow MoreRelatedCensorship in Art733 Words   |  3 Pagesliterature, music and even people from being heard in this country. This leading too more closed-minded views about different cultures and society, which we are still fighting to over come in the present day. Today a better-informed America has switched their views to a more sexual content when deciding what should be publi cly released. While all of this seems to violate our first amendment right, group censorship is totally legal. Hidden amongst recent censorship are many Cuban exile groups who haveRead More Censorship in art Essay715 Words   |  3 Pagesliterature, music and even people from being heard in this country. 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Collective Behavior - 11916 Words

Chapter I: The Study of Collective Behavior A. What Is Collective Behavior? As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape. Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one earring and the number of people saying and understanding yo, dude seems to be increasing. These diverse actions fall within the area sociologists call collective behavior. Some fields in sociology are relatively easy to define and their meaning can be grasped†¦show more content†¦An even more extreme view argues that the field as a whole should be abolished because all complex social behavior is collective and to a degree dynamic. Hence the field has no unique subject matter. The collective behavior perspective is thought to apply to all behavior and no unique concepts, theories or methods are needed to understand it, apart from general sociological concepts. If we were starting fresh we could certainly find a better name for the field and perhaps a more logical way of dividing it up (although this could be said of most intellectual fields). The term collective behavior does not have much literal meaning since strictly speaking it includes any group behavior. Yet once established, intellectual traditions are slow to change. The initial definitions of knowledge and questions in this field still exert a powerful hold. Courses and books usually contain the words collective behavior. Critics of this field raise important issues, but as in Kiplings fable of the blind persons and the elephant (where each person correctly identifies a separate part, but all fail to see the whole animal), we think there is a broad logic uniting the field. The logic involves emergent group behavior in settings where cultural guidelines are non-specific or lacking, inadequate, or in dispute. B.Show MoreRelatedStudy of Collective Behavior by Sociologists1307 Words   |  5 PagesCollective behavior can be observed in many forms. In the view of sociologist Neil Smelser, â€Å"collective behavior is the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reacting to a common influence in an ambiguous situation†. (Stolley, 2005) Other sociologists define collective behavior as spontaneous activities that involve large numbers of people violating established norms. This fluidity makes it more difficult for sociologists to generalize about people’s behaviorRead MoreCollective Behavior11901 Words   |  48 PagesChapter I: The Study of Collective Behavior A. What Is Collective Behavior?   As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape. Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one earring and the number of peopleRead MoreThe Theory Of Collective Behavior Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesand others by engaging in various types of collective action, such as protesting in the streets, that dramatize those grievances and concerns and demand that something be done about them.† (Ruud Kreisi Hanspeter, Saul.A. Sarah, Snow.A. David, pg 3) The theories of social movements are discussed below. Theory of collective behaviour: Collective behaviour bears an intimate relation to social change. In broader sense, collective behaviour refers to the behaviour of two orRead MoreCollective Behavior And Their Theories Essay1745 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1: Discuss collective behavior and their theories. Collective behavior according to Smelser is relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reacting to a common influence in an ambiguous situation. Another definition given in the book Sociology: Comprehensive edition indicates that collective behavior refers to relatively unplanned and relatively unstructured behavior by large numbers of individuals acting with or being influenced by other individuals. TheRead MoreCollective Behavior Theories1765 Words   |  8 PagesRobert Park first coined the term collective behavior in the early 1900s. In class, it was taught that his definition included social unrest, crowds, sects, publics, mass movements, crowd mind, propaganda, and fashion as forms of collective behavior. Collective behavior has shaped our everyday lives in more ways than most of us care to think about. Collective behavior is defined as any event in which a group of people engages in unusual behavior. Unusual may have a negative connotation for someRead MoreCommon Forms Of Collective Behavior1511 Words   |  7 Pages Collective behavior is a term sociologists use to refer to a miscellaneous set of behaviors in which large numbers of people engage. More specifically, collective behavior refers to relatively spontaneous and relatively unstructured behavior by large numbers of individuals acting with or being influenced by other individuals. Relatively spontaneous means that the behavior is somewhat spontaneous but also somewhat planned, while relatively unstructured means that the behavior is somewhat organizedRead More Collective Behavior Essay481 Words   |  2 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This event is an example of a social movement. This was simply an organized group of people that gathered for the purpose of resisting change (In this case, the strategies discussed by the aforementioned institutions) through their collective action. Specifically, this type of social movement is called a resistance movement, because this group was in opposition to change of a certain aspect of our society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The main reason why activists gathered in protestRead MoreThe Collective Behavior within an Organization624 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational culture is a way to describe the collective behavior within an organization, the values, norms, language, symbols, status, and beliefs and habits. We can also view organizational behavior as the collection of behaviors within an organization that cause those members to perceive their organization and others. In fact, organizational culture affects the way individuals and groups interact with each other, clients, stakeholders and the public. Because people are so individualistic, itRead MoreAn Example Of Experiencing Collective Behavior1875 Words   |  8 Pages16. An example of experiencing collective behavior in life is one particular moment during college. At my time at USM, I participated in multiple protests across campus. The first being the students of Missouri protest. This protest was run by the group USM f uture, a student run organization that focuses on bringing more diversity to USM. Maine is a very white populated state with little diversity. I’ve noticed that most of my classmates are white and some classes, I tend to be the only person ofRead MoreCollective Behavior and the Assertion of Individuality: A Study956 Words   |  4 Pagesare engaged in collective behavior. THESIS: Those who are able to overcome collective behavior and allow for their individuality to determine their own outcomes exemplify the best of human nature. The most convincing piece of evidence to reinforce this assertion is found at the beginning of the 15th chapter of Thios Societys Myths and Realities: An Introduction to Social Change. Deviation from collective behavior, which the author defines as spontaneous and unstructured behavior (Thio, p. 474)

Dancing with self beauty alice walker free essay sample

What is a scar? A scar is something that can be covered but never erased. Scars can change a person’s self-esteem and self- worth, relationship with people, and your perception of yourself. A scar can help you find beauty deep down inside just like Alice Walker did. Scars cannot tear you down you are the only one can, its either you live a lie or just accept the true you, which one would you choose? Walker also had problems with self-esteem in her life when her brother shot her in the eye with a BB-gun that left one of her eyes blind. According to walker her life was over â€Å"For six years I do not stare at anyone, because I do not raise my head†. I grew up a tomboy who played with nothing but boys and maybe one or two girls. I was always happy, and a just a big jokers until I started my middle school year and identified hair on my chin. We will write a custom essay sample on Dancing with self beauty alice walker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have suffered with this problem for the longest. I considered myself as different from most girls. When I got the hair on my chin I did not want to be bothered with anybody, I used to hold my head down and kind of slouch so no one wouldn’t see it. My whole attitude changed I went from the girl who used to love herself so very much into the girl who couldn’t stand to look in the mirror. But that should’ve have changed me nor Walker because you can’t look down on yourself just because you have a scar you are who you are no matter if it’s there or not. The scar also changed the relationship with her siblings. From the article Everyday life by K. Nola Mokeyane she said â€Å"sibling’s relationships are important component of children’s social and emotional development. The Child Welfare Information Gateway notes that through their relationship with their siblings, children learn skills such as conflict resolution and negotiation; healthy relationships also provide siblings with a support network. As with anything in life, siblings relationships have positive and negative aspects. Walker started to develop to like on sibling more than the other brother. One of the siblings brought both positive and negative change in her life. The brother who shot her with the BB gun when she was younger and made a big difference in her life and she just was less closer to him just like any other siblings in life. â€Å"What the matter with your eye? † they ask, critically. When I don’t answer with (I cannot decide whether it was an â€Å"accident† or not), they shove me, insist on a fight. My brother, the one who created the story about the wire, comes to my rescue. But then brags so much about â€Å"protecting† me, I become sick. It seems like she is still never forgave her brother for what he had done to her eye and began to not really like him as much. Since her brother was kind of a part of the accident so she kind of liked him better. For some reason he understood her more. â€Å"He is my favorite brother and there is a strong bond between us. Understanding my feelings of shame and ugliness he and his wife take me to a local hospital, where the â€Å"glob† is removed by a doctor named 0. Henry. There is still a small bluish crater where the scar tissue was, but the ugly white stuff is gone. † I to can relate to her by this I had a problem with the hair under my chin still to this very day and my mother wanted to help me out by getting lazer hair remover but I insist on doing so because it really wouldn’t make a difference if I got it removed or not, sometime down the line it still was going to be there no matter what I did. It is so much that family members are siblings can do for you, but you are the one who really have to decide what you are going to do with yourself. People don’t make you and how they change you, you do. According to Answers in Writing â€Å"Sometime we imagine ourselves as different than what we really are one way at least we picture ourselves as this, yet in reality we do not fit this picture. We think we are kind gentle, when in truth we have very little patience for things. We may see ourselves, it is good to see ourselves as exemplary students, but we hate to be wrong. However we picture ourselves, it is good to see ourselves for who we really are. Perception can be altered, whether it is how we see the world or how we see ourselves. All it take is a little honesty, without trying to make ourselves feel better, which is what we usually do when we see what we call faults in ourselves. We try to feel better about it, and this often means we find ways to alter behavior. We try to change how we are to supplement our perceived faults. We are far better off just seeing ourselves for who we are, leaving it at that. Walker use to be the prettiest girl that knew she was pretty and now she is kind of confused. She is worried about what other people think which is stopping her from seeing the positive in her life. â€Å"Years later, in the throes of mid-life crisis, I ask my mother and sister whether I changed after the â€Å"accident†. No, they say, puzzled. What do you mean? † What do I mean? Walker was question herself about who she really was are did she change and she wanted to see what other people such as her family and how they viewed her too. But it was all in the mind of how she saw herself. â€Å"That night, as I do every night, I abuse my eye. I rant and rave at it, in front of the mirror. I plead with it to clear up before morning. I tell it I hate and despise it. I do not pray for sight. I pray for vision. † She must have really seen herself as this person who so ugly until she got it removed but that didn’t change her she had to see herself from within. Many times I put myself in situation where I just look in the mirror and wish some things would go anyway but it doesn’t, you can put make up on, put hair on your head but it want change anything. Walker finally sees herself as this beautiful person. She keep questioning herself â€Å"You did not change they say. † But she finally realizing everything when she is by her daughter and she is talking to her daughter. Walker says â€Å"Since the birth of her daughter she has worried about her discovery that her mothers’ eyes are different from others people’s. Will she be embarrassed? I think. What will she say? Every day she watches a television program called Big Blue Marble. It begin with a picture of earth as it appears from moon. When walker was putting her baby to sleep her daughter Rebecca focus on her eye. She began wanted to protect herself but her daughter didn’t see her eye as such ugliness her daughter tells her there is a world in her eyes. From the perception of her daughter she began to accept herself. â€Å"Yes indeed , I realized, looking into the mirror. There was a world in my eyes. And I saw it was possible to love it. In conclusion scar is something that can be covered but never erased. Scars can change a person’s self-esteem and self- worth, relationship with people, and your perception of yourself. It would not make you who you are you can only make you who you are. Theirs is nothing no one can do to change it. You can never change something and in my eyes she never changed. She still look back and think about her eye.

Sociocultural Aspects Essays - Chitto Harjo, Muscogee People

Sociocultural Aspects At the beginning of this semester, I went into a classroom without the intentions of it having any impact of my life. What I did not know was that this course held not only a vision for the future but also answers to my past. Growing up, I was influenced by a society that was inhabited almost entirely by whites. For that reason only, I have been completely unaware of any bias or unfair treatment to minority and female students. Because of this upbringing, I found many incidences discussed in class quite unbelievable. However, my views on our society and the educational system have been broadened which leads me to believe that the teachers of the future now have the key to a fair, unbias education for each student that enters the school. I was also fortunate this semester to engage in mentoring a young African-American student named James. Although this assignment was geared toward working with a student from a different culture in order to examine the differences in our lives as well as our values, I think that it was very fortunate for not only my experience but also for the student's experience that we shared so many of the same hurdles growing up. The death of a sibling as well as the experience at multiple schools as ?the new student? are just a few of the ways in which James and I were quite similar. As many people know, dealing with issues like this can be quite hazardous to how a young child develops into a functioning adult. Because James and I are linked based on our past, we were able to share with each other more honestly than we have before. With that, we grew from one another's experiences and found the answers to our past with and through each other. As I said before, the course discussions and lectures that I experienced had a dynamic impact on my personal beliefs and values. Honestly, I hardly ever had an ounce of belief in the books we read and discussed or even the topics brought up for lecture. I would walk out of the classroom each day either upset at the way people in the class viewed the educational system or the way that they portrayed the minority students being treated. I realize now that I was stubborn to the fact that there are societies other than the one I grew up in tat have it far worse than I have ever seen or even imagined. The way that I took the lectures was as a classroom made almost entirely of minority students blaming all of the problems concerning the educational system on the upper middle class. Having grown up in an upper middle class household and neighborhood I felt defensive yet took it upon myself not to verbalize my thoughts, being very concerned that one might take my comment not as defense but a s a prejudice remark. During class discussion I was able to listen to how the other students reflected on racial injustices. When I first listened to what others had to say, I can remember thinking how lucky I was that I did not live as a minority in our society. I have never had to live day to day waking up scared of what might happen to me simply because of my skin color or the things my family takes pride in. However, simply because I was raised among people who were all the same as me and had the same beliefs does not mean that it was always a good thing. In fact, I see a lot of my up bringing completely different now. For example, I was always among people who did not have to watch what they said in effort to avoid offending someone. So, when a racial comment was said among my peers or even my family, I never thought twice about it. I also made comments of my own. I never had to worry about a minority being next to me or within hearing distance so I never considered the consequences of throwing aroun d racial comments. The class time I have spent with everyone has gotten me to realize that

Castle Rock Essay Essays

Castle Rock Essay Essays Castle Rock Essay Essay Castle Rock Essay Essay How is an Atmosphere of Fear and Evil Created in the Chapter ‘Castle Rock’ ? The ill-famed ‘Lord of the Flies’ chapter ‘Castle Rock’ : By the clip you reach the chapter â€Å"Castle Rock† . the children’s behavior is deteriorating. as they turn into barbarians. and get down attacking and stealing from each other to last in the ghastly wilderness. It is here that they expect that cipher will go to deliver and protect them from the malevolence from the dismaying island. The writer tries to pull strings and act upon the reader. He portrays an image that every dweller on the island has turned barbarian ; nevertheless this is non the instance. In fact ‘Piggy’ and Ralph are still sane. although it wholly destroys Ralph’s bosom. that Roger massacred ‘Piggy’ with the up-most aggression. Hence everybody chased him with repulsion to slay him with slug crisp wooden lances. All of this puts the readers’ head into overdrive. and makes the reader petrified. Cleverly by composing. ‘Ralph protested out of the bosom of civilisation’ Makes the reader feel sorry for Ralph in his despair. for all that he desires. which is peace. Furthermore. the reader even feels a small guilty. due to the fact that the reader can non make anything to assist Ralph in his ventures. The writer says. ‘Awful things have been done on this island’ . This insinuates that cryptic and violent transpirences occur twenty-four hours and dark. Some are noticed. and some are left unmarked. about as if it is the norm. or because it is top secret neer to be whispered to any other human psyche. This makes most of the kids want to utilize its unknown panic to do pandemonium. One illustration of linguistic communication and punctuation used in the chapter ‘Castle Rock’ is devised to make an ambiance of fright and immorality is. ‘The chill. silvern unreal laughter of the barbarians sprayed out and repeat off. A blast of fury shook Ralph! ’ When the writer says ‘unreal laughter’ it hints at something sinister and the fact that something immorality is in the ambiance around them. The writer makes it sound as if it is a normal and acceptable happening. because he doesn’t add any particular punctuation to it to do it sound more bloodcurdling than the mean twenty-four hours in ‘Castle Rock’ . Furthermore. the punctuation used in this quotation mark. ‘A blast of fury shook Ralph! ’ shows how ferocious Ralph is. by adding an exclaiming grade for accent. This makes the reader experience the fright of what Ralph might make. In other parts of the chapter. the writer creates confusion. which makes the reader think of the multiple waies that a specific portion of the chapter can take to. The writer uses his mastermind accomplishment to pull strings his description to hold more than one significance. One of the significances is to motivate fright. and the other is to convey hope into the Black Marias of the readers. Another illustration of linguistic communication and punctuation used is the quotation mark. ‘Then there was. there was†¦ that’s his mistake excessively. ’ When the writer writes ‘There was. there was’ . the words ‘there was’ are repeated to demo the anxiousness of the kids who are stating these words. Equally good as that. the writer says ‘†¦ that was his mistake too’ the eclipsiss used shows that what the kids had to state was excessively ghastly to articulate. The linguistic communication used shows that person has committed something so dismaying that it can non be mentioned and that it is something that terrifies the life daytimes out of them. In due class. I think that the fright and immorality has consumed the island. because it makes most of the kids resort to butchering hogs merely for merriment. because they have lost their artlessness and scruples. This is chiefly down to the fact that there is no jurisprudence. there is cipher to state them right from incorrect ; they think that they have the right to make anything that they desire. there is no construct of offense and penalty. This makes it about impossible for anybody to populate in peace or harmoniousness. Another ground is because in secret they are all frightened stiff of Jack. because he is the eldest and biggest. physically. and he has a powerful ally to contend for him and to protect him. known as Roger. nevertheless his biggest ally of all is fear itself. Ultimately. Jack wants to hold all of his enemies to populate in fright. so they slowly turn to him. because when they are fearful of him. they know that the longer they stay with Jacks figure one enemy. the worse their penalty would be if he were to capture them. So they finally turn to him for counsel and protection. Therefore. this makes him the ‘king’ of the island in a violent and barbarous manner.

Nursing Clinical Negligence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Clinical Negligence - Assignment Example The issues which are required to be considered in the risk assessment process are the activities in the context of physical and emotional environment and organisational culture. Moreover, considering the potential number of patients who are likely to be affected, and potential consequences of the hazards are few of the major considerations of a clinical risk assessment process (Logan & Johnstone, 2012). During the process of risk assessment, the implementation of a set of effective and simple steps can be practiced by the nursing staff. The steps associated with an effective risk assessment process have been provided hereunder. The study provided rich understanding regarding the risk assessment process in clinical practice. It has been learnt that the steps associated with risk assessment is a set of simple technique that enables the healthcare institutions to avert different types of clinical risks or hazards. In nursing practices clinical negligence is often reported which has a severe impact on the well-being of patients. Correspondingly, the understanding derived from the study regarding the effectiveness of the risk assessment process and associated steps can be applied to reduce any instances of clinical negligence. Allnutt, S. H. & et. al., 2010. Clinical Risk Assessment & Management: A Practical Manual for Mental Health Clinicians. Justice Health. [Online] Available at: http://www.justicehealth.nsw.gov.au/publications/handbook-february-2011.pdf [Accessed November 09, 2014]. Boland, B., 2010. Clinical Risk Assessment and Management for Individual Service Users: Policy and Procedures. NHS Foundation Trust. [Online] Available at: http://www.hpft.nhs.uk/_uploads/documents/the-trust/freedom-of-info/disclosure/clinical-risk-assessment-and-management.pdf [Accessed November 09, 2014]. Department of Health, 2007. Best Practice in Managing Risk. National Mental Health Risk Management Programme. [Online] Available at:

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Assignment - Essay Example Indians appreciate punctuality but most of them are not very strict about time. Office hours are from 10am-5pm. Tie and suit for men is preferred whereas more casual wears are acceptable in the fields of IT. Shalwar suit or long skirts or pants for women are considered agreeable. Politics, cricket, economic reforms and movies are the welcoming topics for conversation. Topics such as Religion, Political ties with Pakistan and economic disparity within India should be avoided. The Power distribution ranking of India is 77 compared to the world average 55. This indicates that the lower class citizens are satisfied with the unequal distribution of wealth. It is a male dominated society and the country is more prone to unexpected situations. The United States of America is an individualistic society with a greater will to work and be competitive. It is the strongest economy of the world and has an extremely high GDP of 20%. The U.S. economy also maintains a very high level of output per capita. It is also the largest trading nation in the world with major trades from Canada, China and Mexico. Power distance is of 40. People in the United States usually work a lot in the industrial and services sector. Not much importance is given to traditional jobs like agriculture or forestry. Americans work on the principle that by working hard one can become more financially strong. The work culture is employee centric. There are many laws governing the rights of employees. Work hours are from 9am-5pm. Many employees work overtime. While setting up appointments, time is considered to be of great value and Punctuality is given due importance. Dressing is usually casual. Generally English is spoken. Topics such as religion or racism should be avoided. Whereas, Sports, travel, food and music are the welcoming topics. China has the second largest economy in the world after the United States. It has a very high growth rate and is the largest exporter of goods,

Globalization and North East India Essay Example for Free

Globalization and North East India Essay I.Introduction Ever since the term ‘globalization’ appeared for the first time in the second half of twentieth century no other word has meant so many different things to different people and has evoked as much emotions. The forces of globalization affect virtually every country in the world. It has opened the door of many new opportunities as well as formidable challenges. All spheres of life–social, political, cultural and economic–have been subjected to both the positive and negative elements of globalization. With all its promises on the overall qualitative improvement of life and social harmony, some see it as the saviour of universal peace and prosperity. On the other hand, rising mercury of its negative elements some condemn it as a new kind of chaos. While everyone welcomes the new opportunities that has emerged one cannot simply leave those negative elements unattended. Therefore, the main task now is to analyze, understand and manage globalization doing our best to harness its benefits and keep those negative consequences at bay. 1 India joined the club of globalized economy in 1991when its economy is under the spell of fiscal and balance of payment crisis which compel her to initiate several structural adjustment programme and economic liberalization. Since then, India’s share to the global economy is getting larger. Today, looking at overall health of the economy and growth performance2, India seems to have struck the right note of the globalization string. With its vast natural and human resources and ability to synchronize the speed of change taking place in the international market, many have considered the India’s economy as one of the most resilient economy in the world. Now, the most pertinent question arises in the recent years is; has the benefits of globalization disbursed to all the regions of the Indian union? Certainly the answer is NO. India’s attempt to tackle the problems of income inequalities has been going on since independence under the centralized planning system. It, however, failed to provide the necessary growth impetus to the poorer states to reduce regional disparities in any meaningful manner in spite of four decades of economic planning. In the post globalization era, considering the size and diversity of the country, shrinking role of government would ultimately be a failure to achieve the set objective. With the opening of economy, states with better infrastructure facilities, better skill labour and work culture, investor friendly environment and more importantly states which can reform themselves in accordance to the need of the market oriented economy have attracted much of the private investment–both national as well as foreign. These states have grown much faster than states which are not, leading to widening disparities.3 This has posed a great challenge to academicians and polic y makers, even though globalization is an uneven process with unequal distribution of benefits and losses, who must ensure the benefits of globalization be distributed to all the regions/states of Indian union. Secondly, to what extent the high growth rate achieved so far has been translated into development for the well-being of its people? It is all the more necessary to ascertain the magnitude of development because development shouldn’t be seen as mere enhancement of national or personal income as it alone cannot serve the objective of securing the socio-economic equality. High growth rate achieved so far is a big accomplishment as the resources so generated could be utilized for developmental purposes to meet the desired social ends.4 It would, however, be highly injustice and misleading to interpret economic growth and economic development synonymously, yet a popular cynicism among the political circle in particular, as development covers much wider range and value. In short, achievement of higher growth rate should be reflected in terms of quality of life of the people. The failure to realize the value of high growth is the main reason for the rejection of ‘shining India/feel good factor’ slogan of the ruling party in 2004 general election. This implies that the higher growth rate achieved so f ar in the post globalization period could not be translated in terms of improvement in the quality of life of the common people. According to Sen any reform programme should consists of three R’s–reach, range and a reason–which every responsible individual should analyze, understand and act accordingly. The values of high growth often depend on what the size, composition and nature of that growth do to the lives and freedoms of the people involved.5 With the increasing concern of widening of inter-state disparities and lack of development, it is highly imperative to assess the effects of globalization on North East India-a relatively uncharted region of the country-as fifteen years is long enough to give some clear pictures. With this objective, the present study attempts to locate the clues of the following quarries; has the region been able to gain from the benefits of globalization? What are the major issues and challenges confronting or likely to confront in the coming years? What are the unexplored opportunities that can be harnessed? This would require examining the prevalent scenario of the region in the pre and post globalization period. The present study shall cover 1980 to 2005 considering 1991 as the dividing year of the two periods. The study has been organized into five sections including introduction. In section II, a brief profile of NE states has been sketched. In section III, some of the issues and formidable challenges needed to be addressed sooner than the later has been discussed. In section IV, discussed the unexplored opportunities in the region. Finally, we conclude the study in section V . II.North East Profile The North East India comprises of eight contiguous states6 of highly undulating hilly terrains, covering 263,179 sq km which is about 8% of the total geographical area of the country. The region is one of the landlocked regions of South Asia. About 4500 km i.e. 98% of its border is with five different countries of South Asia–Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Bangladesh. No other region of the Indian union share common border with so many different countries connecting with the heartland through the tenuous 22 km Siliguri corridor. The region is the home of extraordinarily diverse mosaic of ethnic groups having distinctive social, cultural and economic identity, more akin to their South Asia neighbours than main land India. The total population of the region is about 38 million, 3.8 per cent of the country’s total population, of which Assam contributes 68 per cent of the total population. Assam recorded the highest density of population with 340 per sq. km., which is also higher than the national average of 313 per sq. km., followed by Tripura with 305 per sq. km. Otherwise, the region is sparsely populated with an overall density of population of 149 per sq. km. Table 1 The decennial growth rate recorded in most of the states during the previous decade is higher than the national level of 21.54 per cent. Nagaland recorded the highest growth rate (64.46 per cent), also highest among the states of the Indian union, followed by Sikkim (33.25 per cent) and Meghalaya (30.65 per cent). Only Tripura (16.03% per cent) and Assam (18.92 per cent), two of the most populated states, have recorded lower growth rate than all India level. The region is richly endowed with bio-diversity, hydro-potential, minerals like oil and natural gas, coal, limestone, dolomite, graphite, quartzite, sillimonite etc. and forest wealth. Over 10 per cent of forest products requirement in the country are met from this region only. The region has a very high potential to generate hydropower i.e. about 80 per cent of the total hydropower potential in the country. Arunachal Pradesh alone is expected to generate 2,67,474 MW i.e. 30 per cent of the total available in the country. With varied geo-climatic condition, the region is ideally suited for horticulture, floriculture and other plantation crops. A variety of fruits like pineapples, banana, orange, lemon, mango, papaya etc. grow abundantly in the region. The region is famous for most number of orchid varieties in the country. Tea is the major plantation crop grown in the region and is the largest producer in the country contributing over 95 per cent of the total production. The region is also richly endowed with varieties of medicinal plants having high value in the international market. But, due to the lack of proper infrastructure, transport and communication system and geo-political condition of the region these resources largely remained untapped. Source: Report of the Twelfth Finance Commission, p 61. The region is grossly deficient of infrastructure to tap the available resources and push the economy forward. An examination of the infrastructure index–a composite profile of the availability of physical, social and institutional infrastructure available in the states revealed that all the states of the region are at the lowest rung of the infrastructure index ladder. It shows that the level of infrastructural development in the region is almost negligible. In terms of human development index–a composite index capturing the three dimensions of human development viz. economic, education and health-the region have done reasonably well than most of the states of Indian union. Among the eight states, Assam ranked the lowest, which has been placed in lower middle category and Mizoram in high category while rest of the states are either in high middle or middle category. The success of these states in this regard is mainly induced by the education sector. Apart from Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya the literacy rate in the remaining states, as shown in Table 1, are higher than the national average. The economy of the region primarily depends on agriculture sector contributing over 40 per cent of the income and employ about 70 per cent of the total working population. Although NSDP share of agriculture sector has declined to about 30 per cent, the number of population dependent upon this sector continued to remain high even in the post globalization period. The decline in the NSDP’s share of agriculture sector has been more or less compensated by the increase in the share of service sector. That is, the service sector growth rate during the corresponding period is commendable. Nevertheless, the industrial sector in the region continued to be in pathetic condition. Industrially the region is one of the most backward regions in India. Only Assam, and to some extent Meghalaya, have moved ahead of the rest of the states in terms of industrial development whose industrialization centered on tea, oil and timber. An examination on the overall annual compound growth rate of NSDP in the region revealed that there is a slight improvement in post globalization period though varies from stat to state. Source: http://mospi.nic.in/rept%20_%20pubn/ftest.asp?rept_id=nad03_1993_1994type=NSSO Note: * At 1980-81 prices, ** From 1993 to 2002 only, †  at Current Price, a denotes Acceleration, d denotes Deceleration During the decade of 80s only Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland experienced higher annual compound growth of NSDP than the national level. However, in the post globalization period i.e. 1991-2002, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura have performed better than the national level. The growth rate experienced in these states is not only higher but also accelerating. Though the NSDP growth rate of Manipur is lower than the national level but higher than the previous decade and is accelerating. While Assam’s growth rate is lower in the post globalization but grows at an accelerating rate which is a positive sign. In the post globalization period the growth performances in the region have improved marginally. The higher growth rate of NSDP in the region is mainly induced by higher and accelerating growth rate of service sector. The higher growth rate of NSDP experienced in some of the states is not commensurate with the growth rate of per capita income. The per capita income growth rates of all the states, baring Tripura, falls below the national level in the corresponding period. While Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Nagaland have worsened, the performance of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura seem to be relatively better than the previous decade. The lower growth rate of per capita income experienced may be attributed to high growth rate of population, particularly poorer section of the society. The percentage of population living below the poverty line in the region continued to remain high. Only Mizoram seems to have done exceptionally well in poverty eradication where the percentage has declined from 36 per cent in 1983 to 19.47 per cent in 1999-2000. In the remaining states there is only a marginal decline in poverty ratio. In 1983, the percentage of population living below the poverty line at national level is much higher than that of all the states of the region. It is just the reversal in 1999-2000-all the states other than Mizoram have higher percentage than national level of 26.1 per cent. Over one-third of the population is still consists of the most vulnerable section of the society. Further, an examination on the per capita per month consumption expenditure revealed that the inequality in the per capita monthly consumption expenditure has also increased in spite of the improvement in the growth performance in the post globalization period. In 1993-94, Assam has the lowest per capita per month consumption expenditure followed by Manipur and Sikkim. These three states are even lower than the national level of Rs. 328.18 per month. However, in 1999-2000, only Assam and Sikkim experienced lower per capita per month consumption expenditure than that of national level of Rs. 590.98 per month. The increase in consumption expenditure in the globalization era is quite impressive. At the same time, inequality in consumption expenditure, as revealed by the Gini coefficient8, has also increased in most of the states which is an indication of widening disparities among different sections of the society. This implies that the benefits of higher growth rate experienced, though marginally, in the post reform period have not been tickled down to the poorer sections of the society in the desired pace and the problem of income inequality within the state has worsened. An overall scenario of the region in the post globalization period is not very impressive as in the case of other region of the Indian union. This may be attributed to the prevailing geo-political condition in the region and attitude of the central government in tackling the issues of the region. In the following section we shall examine some of the issues and challenges which required an immediate attention. III.The Challenges Being one of the most neglected regions of the Indian union, overall state of affairs in the region is quite alarming. The unattended issues and problems of the past are being accumulated, multi-layered and have become multifarious. Over and above, the mounting pressures of emerging challenges of rapid transformation need to be countered. The clock is ticking fast and situation in the region is very delicate which may explode anytime from now if not tackled carefully. At this juncture the old habit of alibis and hinting would only aggravate the maladies of the past and swell negative elements of the globalization. Instead, it is the time to think and act collectively. The region has more issues to be addressed and challenges to face than any other parts of the country. Of which, the three most important areas which require immediate attention are insurgency, infrastructure and governance. All the other issues are derivatives which would dry up once these three are addressed. a.Insurgency The problem of insurgency in the region has a long history. The insular politics and Delhi centric approach of the Indian government is at the core of much of the discontents, widespread criticism, feelings of subjugation and notion of being colonized. There is a constant fear in the minds of the people that their identity is being eroded due to the submergence into the vast ocean of Indian humanity.9 The people of the region started alienating themselves and the feeling of self-determination started to germinate. With the aim of preserving their own identity various ethnic groups inhabiting in the region, undisturbed for centuries, began to differentiate among each other severing the local ties and affinities and started to struggle with arms.10 Thus, insurgency has mushroomed in the region and the secessionist movements, either for sovereignty or for separate homeland, began to lock horns leading to a vertical division among various ethnic groups. Therefore, prior to any policy pro gramme to resolve the problem of insurgency in the region, the political processes that has been framed and pursued to convert a breeding ground of insurgencies must be reversed first. Simultaneously, the attitude and security obsess mindsets of the central government should also change and embrace the region with open arms so as to restore the lost confidence of the common people. Insurgency is the major problem inflicting the region. With the passage of time it has increasingly become more complex and difficult to understand as their objectives, role and activities varied widely.11 In the name of nationalist movement they were involved and interfered in every state’s affairs including household chores, like a moral police, of their people. Each insurgent group runs parallel government. In a way, apart from Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, all the remaining states have multiple governments. The problem of insurgency has become the stumbling block in the course of development. It foundered every development strategy and hampered all the developmental works. Kidnapping, extortion, killing, bandh, strikes and curfews have become the order of the day. At the same time, the numbers and activities of the plain criminals masquerading as insurgents have also increased alarmingly. Today, the region has become the killing field and specialized in the export to death bodies, if not the manufacturing products. In short, the region has reached the pinnacle of the industrialization of insurgency and criminalization process. It would not be easy to find the solution. However, keeping in mind the rising global terrorism, it would be wise to work on a holistic approach for amicable solution sooner than the later. At the same time, what every insurgent group, operating in the region, should realize is that the formation of separate homeland or attainment of more autonomy or sovereignty is not the solution because within itself formation of new group with new demand can not be ruled out. b.Infrastructure The rich natural and human resources available in the region could not be utilized to the full extent mainly due to the geo-political condition, including ever-deteriorating law and order, which has a lot of implication on the development of must needed infrastructure. The negligence of the central government in the past and due to the problems of insurgency at present resulted into the gross deficiency of infrastructure in the region. This has crippled the free flow of factors as well as products. In such a situation, it would be hard for the region to accrue the benefits of globalization. It is also not surprising to find the lack of FDI inflow in the region. During January 2000 to Mach 2006 the region received only 9 million US dollar i.e. 0.04 per cent of the total FDI inflow in the country. The lack of infrastructure, as revealed by the infrastructure index given in Table 2, has not only spoiled the prospect of economic development but has also created a horizontal division amon g various ethnic groups affecting the fabrics of social harmony in the region. All the â€Å"constituent states of the region are internally locked–themselves locked and locking out others, unable to connect with each other physically in terms of poor transport links, and more seriously, unable to make connections intellectually and emotionally with their closest neighbours, or even with and among their own people.†12 It has displaced the common understanding and linkages for peaceful coexistence and regional cooperation. In order to reconnect the lost connectivity, trade and commerce and more importantly to foster emotional attachment among various ethnic groups inhabiting in the region infrastructures like roads, transports, communications electricity, banking etc. must be developed adequately. Such exercise would not only enlarge the base for the growth of the economy in the region but also enhance the regional cooperation-an engine of growth in this era of globalization. Underdevelopment breeds insurgency and insurgency retards development. Th is two are mutually reinforcing. This is a classic case of vicious cycle of underdevelopment-insurgency-underdevelopment. Therefore, any policy programmes either to resolve the problems of insurgency or development of much needed infrastructure should go concurrently and not sequentially as it hampered the progress of one another. Further, as it has been asserted in the Planning Commission report on Transforming the North East, the approach of the central government should change from â€Å"planning for the North East to planning with the North East†.13 This implies that, under the prevailing circumstances mere allocation of funds or implementation of new policy would not suffice to tackle the problems in the region. Considering the emotional sentiments of the inhabitants and sensitivity of the issues, the region must be handled with care. Every developmental programme for the region should have the consent of the inhabitants and needs to be executed with sincerity without delay. c.Governance â€Å"The state is responsible for the creation of conducive political, legal and economic environment for building individual capabilities and encouraging private initiatives.†14 It would, however, depend on the quality of the governance–mechanism, processes, systems, structures and institutions that guide the social, economic and political relationship. Good governance exercises its legitimate political power in a manner that is perceived as equitable, non-discriminatory, socially sensitive, participatory, transparent and accountable to the people at large. This includes not only the process of transformation of human and natural endowments to a socially desired ends but also reveals the long term vision and commitment of the state to secure human well being and sustained development of the people.15 The state of governance in the region is in pathetic condition. Government machinery is on the brink of collapse. Corruption, squandering of public funds, deteriorating law and order, lack of transparency and accountability, bureaucratic rigmarole, insensitivity and so forth are quite rampant in the region. There is widespread allegation of insurgency-government officials-bureaucrats-politician nexus, including law enforcing agencies, and siphon off public funds. All this has eroded the individual capabilities and institutional capacities to meet the social objectives. Until and unless the quality of governance has been improved, no matter how much is the fund earmarked for whatever the policy programme initiated would not be successful and only the common people have to bear the brunt. Taking into consideration of the paradigm shift in the development strategy and the amount of funds allocated16 in recent time, we may no longer be able to blame the central government in the near future. The present state of affairs in the region is past deed of the central government and what the future generation will face would be decided by what our government has done today. IV.Opportunities The economy of the region has been disrupteded by the forces discussed in the preceding section in spite of her rich natural resources. Besides the natural resources, many new opportunities have also emerged with the changing contour of world economy that can boost the economy of the region. But, the need of the hour is to focus on those areas which would lead to growth of the economy, develop the sense of participation and can extinguish the social and political chasm. The two main areas that can boost the economy are as follows: a.Tourism Tourism is one sector where the region has comparative advantage. This industry is highly competitive where the tourists have a wide range of choices and look for good value of their money. With bountiful nature’s breathtaking scenic beauty, salubrious climatic conditions, extraordinarily diverse rich art and cultural heritage of the people, this region can become a hotspot for eco and adventure tourism. Tourism industry involves a vast network of business activities relating to attracting, receiving, accommodating, managing and servicing of tourists. These include hotels, restaurants, transport agency and several other related activities. The development of this industry would promote national integration and international understanding, generate employment and revenue and provide prospective buyers for local manufactured products especially handloom and handicraft products–a dyeing industry due to lack of access to market. Tourism can generate more employment per million of rupees spent than any other activities. It can generate jobs in the remotest corners for unskilled to highly specialized skilled workers which would help in the realization of plan objectives. It would also enlarge the base of locally manufactured products. All this, however, would be possible only when there is well-developed infrastructure like transport and communication and sense of participation of the people of the region. b.Border trade The lack of connectivity and access to market, the main causes for under utilization of resources and weak resource-industry linkages, have set the economy of the region by half a century behind. The region has lost the markets in her neighbourhood, particularly in Bangladesh, due to partition, insurgency and diplomatic strains and tensions. Due to the peripheral location and stiff competition from mainland industries having better access to critical inputs like finance, technology and management, the base of traditional manufacturing in the region has been eroded leading to deindustrialization. While resource base can support a variety of industries at all scales, the existing industrial structure, dominated by small-scale demand based industries has not been developed proportionately. This has widened the gap between resource base and industrial structure in the region. Further, due to the restriction of free movement of men and material across the border, the notion of isolation h as developed in the minds of the people. It is in this context, there is a strong argument to develop border trade. In this increasingly borderless world, establishment of border trade would not only provide an opportunity to revive the local manufactured units but also serve as a transit corridor for the mainland big industrial units to explore the vast Asian market. This would also bring the centrality and visibility of the otherwise peripheral north eastern region.17 It is with this vision that ‘look east policy’ was initiated in 1991. Unfortunately, as old habits die hard; the central government still continues to live in the shadow of security obsessed mindset and prefers inward looking approach. As a result, even after fifteen years of implementation of border trade agreement, it has failed to invigorate the region’s trade with their neibhouring countries. As a result, India’s look east policy has, by and large, bypassed the region. The percentage of trade with neighbouring countries have zoom up to 8 per cent of the country’s total volume of trade in 2003-04 from a mere 1.7 per cent in 1987-88. However, over two-third of the total volume of trade with these countries flow via Bay of Bengal while the land borders of the region have been left for transit corridors for illegal trade . The tepidity of the central government in implementation of the policy has only led to rise in the porosity of these borderlands. An impressionistic assessment reveals that there is a rise in negative activities like cross-border insurgency, gunrunning, smuggling drugs, narcotics and AIDS, money laundering, trafficking women, illegal immigration etc. which further add to the existing multifarious problems in the region. Conclusion Globalization has become the most potent force emerged in recent time. It virtually affects every walk of lifepositive or negative. Unlike other regions of the Indian union, North East India is more likely to swamp by its negative effects. The region is at the throes of discernible crisis. Since 1991, there has been increase in inequality and unemployment, decline in the quality of the governance, rise in smuggling, trafficking, illegal immigration, corruption, squandering of public funds, escalation in insurgency related activities, etc. These have led to underdevelopment and erosion of the capacity of the individual and quality of life. A sense of deprivation has developed particularly among the educated youths of the region. The clock is ticking fast and fuse is not long. It is time to work on a holistic approach to resolve problems in the region. Notes 1. Chanda, Nayan, 2003, â€Å"What is Globalization? Coming Together: Globalization Means Reconnecting the Human Community†, YaleGlobal Online, http://www.globalenvision.org/library/8/567. 2. Recently it has been argued that the turning point of higher growth rate in India was 1980 but not 1991 as perceived by many. For more details see Nayyar, Deepak. 2006. â€Å"Economic Growth in Independence India: Lumbering Elephant or Running Tiger?†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 15, pp. 1451-1458. 3. Some authors even argued that coastal states with open port facility have outperformed non-coastal states in the post globalization era. For more detail see Kishore, Adharsh. 2002. Towards an Indian Approach to Globalization, http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2002/kishore.pdf. 4. Sen, Amartya, 2005, â€Å"The Three R’s of Reforms†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 19, p. 1. 5. ibid., p. 1. 6. Sikkim becomes the member of North East Council on December 2002 after an amendment of the NEC Act 1971. Since then all development purposes of the state has been treated at per with the other seven states of the region. However, the addition of Sikkim in the North Eastern Region is yet to be reflected in the literature of NER. 7. The Report of the Special Group on Targeting Ten Million Employment Opportunities per Year over the Tenth Plan Period has viewed that Current Daily Status (CDS) is the better measure to capture unemployment than Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS). 8. The National Human Development Report 2001 provides the estimate of Gini Coefficient for rural and urban area only. It does not provide the combine estimate of the two. 11. For more detail analysis see Roy, Sanjay K. 2005. â€Å"Conflicting Nations in North-East India†, Economic and Political weekly, vol. 40, no. 21, pp. 2176-2182. 12. Prabhakra, M. S. 2004. â€Å"Is North-East India Landlocked?†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 42, p. 4608. 13. GOI. 1997. Transforming the North East: Tackling Backlogs in Basic Minimum Services and Infrastructure Needs, High Level Commission Report to the Prime Minister, Planning Commission, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/ne_exe.pdf, p. 2. 14. GOI. 2001. National Human Development Report, Planning Commission, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/nhdrep/nhdreportf.htm, p. 114. 15. ibid, p. 114. 16. Apart from all the constituent states being classified as Special Category States, establishment of NEC and induction of DoNER speaks the volume of fund allocated to this region. 17. Verghese, B. G., op. cit. Reference Ahluwalia, Montek S. (2000): â€Å"Economic Performance of States in Post-Reforms Period†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 35, no. 19, pp. 1637-1648. Bajpai, M. (2002): â€Å"A Decade of Economic Reforms in India: The Unfinished Agenda†, Working Paper no. 89, Center for International Development, Harvard University, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/CID/cidwp/089.pdf. 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