Kierkegaard and P.M. Moller on Immortality :: Essays Papers

Kierkegaard and P.M. Moller on Immortality P.M. Moller and His Relation to S.A. Kierkegaard Although virtually unknown today outside of Danish philosophical circles, Moller (1794-1838) was, during his lifetime, esteemed as one of Denmark’s most loved poets, and beginning in 1831 he held the position of professor of philosophy at the University of Denmark. While at the university Moller taught Moral and Greek Philosophy, and his early philosophical position has been regarded as Hegelian. Kierkegaard began his university studies in 1830, and the young professor made a deep impression upon him. During 1834-36 two events occurred that transformed Moller’s philosophy and also influenced his relation to Kierkegaard. The first was the death of Moller’s wife in 1834, which caused him to question the adequacy of Hegel’s system. The second was the publication of some articles by Kierkegaard in 1836 in a journal called Copenhagen’s Flying Post. In these articles Kierkegaard attacked Orla Lehmann, the young leader of the liberal student movement. This attack pleased the conservative Moller, and the two developed a deep friendship. Despite the nineteen-year difference in their ages, the two shared similar views regarding Danish politics, a growing distrust of the Hegelian system, and a concern about the state of the Danish clergy. With the death of Moller in 1838, at the age of forty-four, Kierkegaard lost his nearest congenial friend, the person with whom, above all others, he could discuss freely his ideas and receive a sympathetic and intelligent respon se. After Moller’s death Kierkegaard cherished his memory and faithfully read his Posthumous Works when they were published in 1839-43. Kierkegaard also dedicated his book The Concept of Anxiety (1844) to Moller, with the following tribute: To the late Professor Poul Martin Moller The happy lover of Greek culture, the admirer of Homer, the confidant of Socrates, the interpreter of Aristotle, Denmark’s joy in â€Å"Joy over Denmark,† though â€Å"widely traveled† always â€Å"remembered in the Danish summer,† the object of my profound admiration, my profound loss, this work is dedicated. This dedication should illustrate, if not Kierkegaard’s indebtedness to Professor Moller, then at least his unyielding affection. Moller’s Reflections on Philosophical Systems and Personal Immortality The work by Moller that beyond all others influenced Kierkegaard was â€Å"Thoughts on the Possibility of Proofs of the Immortality of Human Beings With Reference to the Most Recent Literature on the Subject.† H.P. Rhode stresses that it was this work on immortality that was Moller’s most important contribution to philosophy in Denmark, and most notably for the young Kierkegaard, who was â€Å"notoriously occupied† with it.

IT ethics: Hacking And Copyrights Essay

IT ethics is a new branch of ethics that is growing and changing rapidly as IT technology also grows and develops. The term â€Å"IT ethics† is open to interpretations both broad and narrow. On the one hand, for example, IT ethics might be understood very narrowly as the efforts of professional philosophers to apply traditional ethical theories or virtue ethics to issues regarding the use of IT technology. On the other hand, it is possible to construe IT ethics in a very broad way to include, as well, standards of professional practice, codes of conduct, aspects of IT law, public policy, corporate ethics – even certain topics in the sociology and psychology of computing. In the industrialized nations of the world, the â€Å"information revolution† already has significantly altered many aspects of life – in banking and commerce, work and employment, medical care, national defense, transportation and entertainment. Consequently, information technology has begun to affect community life, family life, human relationships, education, freedom, democracy, and so on. IT ethics in the broadest sense can be understood as that branch of applied ethics, which studies and analyzes such social and ethical impacts of information technology (Bynum). In recent years, this robust new field has led to new university courses, conferences, workshops, professional organizations, curriculum materials, books, articles, journals, and research centers. The introduction of the World Wide Web in 1990 has catalyzed the expansion of the Internet, which is still growing today at unprecedented rates and IT ethics is quickly being transformed into â€Å"global information ethics†. The recent growth of the Internet has resulted not only in an increase in the amount of available knowledge, but also in an increase in the problems inherent to its usage and distribution. It has become clear that traditional rules of conduct are not always applicable to this new medium, so new ethical codes are now being developed. Edward F. Gehringer gives broad and wide-ranged classification of ethical issues in information technology area. He distinguished following main aspects of IT ethics (Gehringer): Basics; Commerce; IT Abuse; Intellectual Property; Privacy; Risks; Social Justice Issues; Although, in practice every case involves at least two of those issues. At first, let us discuss problems of copyrights in present-day IT industry. It seems that this issue deals with almost every aspect listed above and it will be good example of ethics implementation in IT. In article â€Å"Napster, DVD cases raise copyright questions in digital age†, we can observe some problems concerning copyright issues of IT industry. The article discusses this problem on example of Napster, the Internet search engine which allows over 60 millions consumers to find and download free music. â€Å"Experts say the high-tech context in which copyright questions are being raised – as exemplified by the Napster case in California and a DVD-encryption case out of New York – also shows that the law is always a few steps behind technology.† The Recording Industry Association of America filed a lawsuit against Napster in December 2000, accusing the company of encouraging the illegal copying and distribution of copyright music on a massive scale. Author asserts that the case raises fundamental questions about freedom of information and activity on the Internet and what copyright protections musicians have or do not have in cyberspace. â€Å"For th ose and other reasons, legal experts point to the Napster case as crucial to the future of cyberspace and copyright law in the United States, the world’s leader in high-tech issues†, he states. In this article, the writer also describes how copyright law needs revision because it has become so complicated and counterintuitive. He also maintains that many content providers and copyright lawyers tend to propagate â€Å"made-up rules† that purport to clarify ambiguities such as the legality of sharing music on peer-to-peer file sharing networks. Author asserts that copyright rules, however, are in considerable flux these days and very little is clear about these new technologies. According to article, we surely have no obligation to follow made-up rules, although it is sometimes easy to confuse these specious requirements with real ones. Given this confusion, it concludes that the need for copyright reform is urgent. With the dawning of the Internet and other highly advanced technology, people all around the world are now able to copy, download, and distribute copyrighted material with ease. Unfortunately, the use of the Internet has increased the conflict with copyright laws.   In 1998, Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to address the tricky issue of copyright protections in a digital environment. An important aspect of that law was anti-circumvention protection, which barred people from circumventing password-protected and other secure Web sites that provide access to creative works. The law said the copyright owners could file civil lawsuits against those who break into such secure Web sites. This is the directly applicable law in the DVD case. At its core, copyright law says that the creators of certain literary and artistic works have the right to ensure that unauthorized people do not use their work for unauthorized purposes. The creators hold the copyright. They can gi ve up their exclusive right to publishers or other authorized entities for a limited time or permanently. Legislation and court rulings have held that people have a significant right to make use of exceptions within the copyright law to avoid lawsuits. On the other hand, if the overwhelming majority of actors regulated by the copyright law are ordinary end-users, it makes no sense to insist that each of them retain copyright counsel in order to fit herself within niches created to suit businesses and institutions, nor is it wise to draw the lines where the representatives of today’s current stakeholders insist they would prefer to draw them. Extending the prescriptions and proscriptions of the current copyright law to govern the everyday acts of non-commercial, non-institutional users is a fundamental change. To do so without affecting a drastic shift in the copyright balance will require a comparably fundamental change in the copyright statutory scheme. In a whole, issues in article raised very well, opposing two different views on copyright problem – from creator’s and from consumer’s side. Undoubtedly, both the Napster and DVD cases raise free speech, fair use and copyright issues, which makes them important to future legal and legislative action in the high-tech area. Using those cases writer shows controversial issues and concludes that the need for copyright reform is urgent. On the other hand there is no strong support for reasons in which way legislation concerning copyrights could be established. In my opinion, the eloquence surrounding digital copyright in general, and peer-to-peer file sharing and DVD encryption in particular, heated in article, inspires great confusion about what the copyright law does and does not prohibit. In general, most of the key legal questions are still unsettled, in part because copyright defendants have run out of money and gone out of business before their cases could go to trial. In that vacuum, some copyright owners are claiming that their preferred rules of conduct are well-established legal requirements. There may be an ethical obligation to follow real rules, even when they seem unreasonable. But there is any ethical obligation to follow made-up ones. Indeed, in this context, we may have an ethical obligation to resist them. When considering this new and advanced way of sharing information, with regard to copyright laws, the following factors must be assessed: the legality of the situation, financial losses and gains, and moral issues. Two different views can be inevitably argued over this controversial issue; those who think the downloading of copyrighted material, without the permission of the author is theft, and those who believe file sharing of copyrighted material is their right in the information age.   Although the digital age has made advanced technology available to everyone, the principles of justice and fairness should still prevail. As an IT professional, we have the moral responsibilities to point out when necessary about copyrights. We should be aware that copyrighted material on the Internet is available for free download only if the creators give consent to its publication and distribution. It can be certain that the debate on copyright in the digital age will continue, and that a definitive solution will take a while to reach for each side.   Technology will always be here and will continue to advance, but the industries must be willing to work with the technology to meet the demands of the consumer in the information age. Hacking is also one of the most significant issues nowadays, which involves almost every aspect of IT ethics. Second article I have submitted for hacking ethics topic is â€Å"Under the skin of digital crime† from BBC News. The article discusses issues of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† hacking. It claims that there was a time when hacking was something positive. It was done in the name of intellectual curiosity rather than financial reward. Now hacking has become an activity that holds two positions and is therefore both solemnized for its insightful inventiveness and defamed for its devious acts. Article claims that the ethics behind hacking and the actions taken by hackers constitute a manifesto that transcends ordinary understanding of this activity. Hackers argue that their actions promote a means for tighter security by way of detecting flaws and patches for systems and software. However, these very actions are viewed as violations of the rights to privacy and security for both individuals and organizations. Consequently, this establishes a cautionary attitude toward ethical issues such as, privacy, security and the future of the Internet. Another trend that article raises is the creeping criminality of hacking, much of which is now carried out for explicitly financial reward. Some criminal hackers are threatening to bombard some web-based businesses with gigabytes of data unless large amounts of cash are handed over. It is extortion with a hi-tech gloss. In author’s experience, many of these criminal hackers have full-time jobs in technology. â€Å"Professional hackers are professional in all senses of the word,† he states, â€Å"they work in the industry.† The fundamental doctrine or ethic that hackers use in order to justify their behavior is the idea that hacking offers a mode of investigation, which allows an individual to gain knowledge necessary to infiltrate systems that contain vulnerabilities. Acquiring this knowledge allows one to develop strategies that facilitate exploration of their functions and the inner components of the systems. The â€Å"hacker ethic† states in part that all information belongs to everyone and there should be no boundaries or restraints to prevent disclosure of this information. This philosophy that is upheld by the hacker community introduces ethical questions regarding the freedom of information and the loss of privacy. One more argument supported by the hacker ethic is that break-ins elucidate security problems to those who can do something about them. Hacker intrusions into systems surpass the traditional understanding of violating the laws of trespassing. Hacking involves the exploitation, or the manipulation of a bug, or a backdoor that is inherently present within the system. In this view, hacking is not a threat against the integrity of the system being exploited, but instead is a means of implementing corrections and enforcing tighter security. Although issues in article risen well, the writer did not make a conclusive support argument of the statement that many of criminal hackers have full-time jobs in technology. There is not strong support for causes of criminal actions by hackers. The only reason that they carried out hacking, he argued for explicitly financial reward. Concerning hacking ethics, problem discussed very particularly, and the common statement depicts real situation. Undoubtedly, hackers and hacking problems are real ones, but how might they be solved? Security requires much more than designing a secure technical infrastructure that resembles an impenetrable fortress. The key to a secure network is the development of real time enforceable policies that take advantage of security bulletins and published security holes. â€Å"It is ethically wrong to wait until systems under protection are compromised in order to begin patching up the holes. Securing a network doesn’t begin with high cost software and security firewalls aimed at halting the intruders, but begins with utilizing available knowledge that calls for improvements made by ethical hacking.† (Mikkkeee). Whatever the case, hackers believe that when they compromise a system they are in effect introducing fixes that force the system administrator to take the necessary precautions in patching up the hole, thereby tightening the security of the system. From this position, the hacker is actually doing a service to the system administrator who is unfamiliar with the bugs that can lead to a system compromise. If there is any criminal intent on the part of the hacker, then they should be held legally accountable for violating the security of the system and their actions should be punishable by law. From the point of view of IT professional, we have the moral responsibilities to point out when necessary about hacker activities. Even though hacking undoubtedly has led to productive improvement in IT and software security, it has in effect created many disruptive problems online and offline. Hacking is an activity that introduces a method of analysis that targets and works on various components. Therefore, hacking has the potential to cause harm and to violate legitimate privacy and property rights. By ethical standards hacking does introduce crucial security fixes, but does so at the expense of violating privacy and the security of individuals. Furthermore, hacking activities lead to disruptive and dangerous problems for society, which tend to be difficult to eradicate. But, with awareness of those problems, we also should take into account that hacking is underside of technical progress, and could not be considered apart of it. As The Mentor warns in the conclusion to his manife sto, â€Å"I am a hacker, and this is my manifesto. You may stop this individual, but you can’t stop us all† (Mentor, 1). Even if the authorities catch a hacker, as long as there is a motivation, hacking will persist. On the other hand, IT professionals should clearly recognize boundary between real professionalism and hacking in their own activity, because that line is very transparent. In conclusion, we should note, that significant attention paid to issues erected above in public press. Many publications leave negative impression about hacking and copyrights, as those are lawless anyway. The Napster and DVD cases received the most publicity because it involves highly popular software that millions of people around the world use to share music and films. Concerning hacking issue, media tend to use the word â€Å"hacker† as a synonym for cyber vandal, digital criminal and basically any person who uses digital means to perform criminal or malicious activities. Nevertheless, it would be better to consider not only consequences, but causes as well. For the first look hacking and copyrights are on the contrary sides of ethics, but when we examine details, there are much more common between them. These problems are permanent topics of news nowadays. With penetration of information technology into mass media, which now functioning very closely related with World Wide Web, moreover, when Internet becoming a main media, issues of hacking and intellectual property ethics are affecting mass media itself noticeably. Thus those problems widely covered now in press and will cover on with spreading of information technology. The question is in qualitative impact of subjects on mass media. Bibliography: Bynum, Terrell, IT Ethics: Basic Concepts and Historical Overview. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2001 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed.), Gehringer, Edward. â€Å"Ethics in Computing.† Ethical Issues. Homepage. 2001 Chebium, Raju. â€Å"Napster, DVD cases raise copyright questions in digital age.† CNN.com News. August 7, 2000 Ward, Mark. â€Å"Under the skin of digital crime.† BBC News Online. 11 May, 2004 Mikkkeee. â€Å"Hacking: Ethical Issues of the Internet Revolution.† New Order Portal. March 29, 2003 The Mentor, â€Å"The Conscience of a Hacker,† Phrack, Vol One, Issue 7, Phile 3, January 8, 1986. February 10, 2003.

Exceptions to Indefeasibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1854 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Exceptions to indefeasibility Indefeasibility of title which means that the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s title or interest in the land become not able to be defeated or doubted by any unfavorable claim which are not stated in the register. The case of Teh Bee v K .Maruthamuthu held that if there is no any of the vitiating factors stipulated in section 340[1] of the National Land Code (NLC) 1965, once the title is registered, it is indefeasible. For example, when Hanif bought a piece of land and then went to Land Office for the purpose of registered the title under his name as to be a legal owner of the land. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exceptions to Indefeasibility" essay for you Create order Once the registration process is made, then Hanifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s title of land becomes unchallengeable and indefeasible. However, Indefeasibility is not absolute. There are certain circumstances where the registered title or interest may be invalid or defeated which are stated in section 340(2)[2] under NLC and also by case law. The title of land is can be defeated where there is fraud, misrepresentation, forgery, if the title or interest was unlawfully obtained. Fraud Section 340(2)(a) stated that where the person who obtained the title of the land from another person by way of fraud or deceived, the title of such person can be defeated. The definition of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fraudà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was applied in the Malaysian cases of Tai Lee Finance Co Sdn Bhd v Official assignee Ors [1983]. The court held that: Where the title of land is registered, then the title is indefeasible but under section 340(2) NLC which is obtained the title by way of fraud, so the title can be defeasible. The law is settled that while section 340 makes it very clear that the title or interest of a register owner shall be indefeasible. In the case of actual fraud under section 340(2), such title or interest shall not be indefeasible. The question of existence of fraud is one of fact to be determined in the facts surrounding each particular case. When the person who is claim that they are fraud, then the duty of the person is to find evidences to proof that the fraud is truths. For example, Pai Lang is forges Ho Langà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature to transfer the land to him. After Ho Lang discover that his land are being transferred to Pai Lang by the way of forgery, then the Ho Lang must find evidence to proof that Pai Lang is through the way of forgery to transfer his land without knowledge. In addition, the case of Public finance Bhd v Narayanasamy [1971] is also one of the cases that is does not enjoy the indefeasibility provided under section 340 NLC 1965. The court held that the appellantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s insists that the third parties do not have any rights, apart from the right to damages against the respondent for break oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s promise; this is so clearly unreasonable that the learned judge is reasonable in holding that they are guilty of fraud and conspiracy. If they admit that the sub-purchasers have the right to the lands they had paid for, it will be impossible for any court to say that they want to perpetrate a frau d. For example, when the chargee is involved in the guilty of fraud and conspiracy, then the chargeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application for order of sale of charged land would be defeated. This means that the chargee does not enjoy defeasibility of title as the chargee is obtained the title of land by the way of illegal action. Misrepresentation Lee and Detta (2009, p.730) notes that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"misrepresentationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ within the context of section 340(2) would mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fraudulent misrepresentationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is kinds of fraud under the cases of Datuk Jagindar Singh Ors v Tara Rajaratnam. The principle of this case is the interest or title which is able to be defeated by the grounds of any situations provided for in section 340 NCL 1965 remains liable to be void even in the hands of a subsequent purchaser except it can be proved that he is a purchaser in good faith and for valuable consideration. Lee and Detta (2009, p.731) acknowledge that the examples of fraudulent misrepresentation include the following: the suggestion, as to a fact, of that which is not true by one who does not believe it to be true; (Lee and Detta, 2009) The active concealment of a fact by one having knowledge or belief of the fact; (Lee and Detta, 2009) A promise made without any intention of performing it; (Lee and Detta, 2009) Any other act fitted to deceive; and (Lee and Detta, 2009) Any such act or omission as the law specifically declares to be fraudulent. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Forgery Under section 340(2)(b) NLC 1965 states that upon the registration was acquired by the way of forgery, the title of the land for such person is defeasible. The event where such person is not a party to forgery, his title is still defeasibe. For instance, under the cases of Booson Boonyanit v Adorna Properties Sdn Bhd when the forgery by itself would makes the registered title become defeasible regardless of the lack of knowledge on the part of the owner. In other hands, even if he is an innocent purchaser for value but it would also affect the immediate owner. However, in the case of Booson Boonyanit indicate that the subsequent purchasers are protected by section 340 (3)[3] NLC 1965. For example, Lee Gak was looking for the land to build factory and ask for help from his friend, Yong Tae Mu. At that time, Yong Tae Mu already had a land, which was he tricked his grandmother to transfer the land to him. So, Yong Tae Mu sold the land to his friend, Lee Gak. However, Lee Gak did not know that the land was getting by fraud. When Yong Tae Muà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandmother wanted to get back the land, she just realized that the land was sold. In section340 NCL 1965 stated that the title or interest of land is indefeasibility upon registration, so Yong Tae Muà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandmother can have her land back. Yong Tae Mu had cheated his grandmother to get the land, so his land title is defeasibility which stated in Section 340 (2) National Land Code. However, Yong Tae Mu had already sold the land to his friend, Lee Gak. Lee Gak still can remain the ownership of land because he was the innocent party and the subsequent purchaser is protected by Section 340 (3). In conclusion, Lee Gak had the land and Yong Tae Muà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grandmother is unable to claim back her land. Basically, the subsequent purchase has the benefit of protection whereas the immediate proprietor does not have are stipulated in Section 340(3). For example, Alexandar is the regis tered owner of the land. Benjamin forges Alexandarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature and transfers a piece of land to himself. Then, Benjamin sells the land and transfer the land to Catherine. But Catherine, who has no being aware of the forgery, she will obtain the indefeasible title. Or if Benjamin forges Alexandarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s signature and transfers the land from Alexandar to Catherine and Catherine later transfers the land to Damien, then, Damien and not Catherine, who has no knowledge of the forgery, will obtain an indefeasible title. Catherine and Damien in the first and second examples are known as sub-purchasers under section 340(3). Besides than that, chargee may still can succeed in obtaining an order for sale when the land is transferred by the fraud of the transferee and a charge is effected in favour of an innocent 3rd party as illustrated inOwe Then Kooi v Au ThiamSeng Anor Development Commercial Bank Bhd v Au Thin Chai Ors. For example, Park Ha and Joo Se N a are sisters and having closing relationship to each other. But, Park Ha is richer than Joo Se Na and owns some property. Joo Se Na felt jealous to her sister Park Ha and wanted to get her sisterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property, so, Joo Se Na tricked her sister to transfer her property to Joo Se Na. Her sisters had believed Joo Se Na and agree to transfer her property to Joo Se Na on the spot. Joo Se Na charged the property to Bank Mimi to borrow money after she got the title of land from her sister. Her sister realized that she had been cheated by Joo Se Na while Joo Se Na had already run away with the money which had borrowed from Bank Mimi. Her sister wanted to get back her title of land since she had been cheated. However, she unable to take back her title of land due to there was included the innocent party, which was Bank Mimi. The amount of money lend to Joo Se Na is not able to be recovered, so Bank Mimi had to sell the property to get back their money which is lend to Joo Se N a. Joo Se Naà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sister, Park Ha still can get the money if there was remaining money after sold the property, vice versa. Lee and Detta, (2009, p.731) acknowledge that this may be compared with the position in Sarawak where section 132[4] of the Sarawak Land Code (cap.81) provides that a purchaser in good faith and for value, provided that he is innocence and commit of any fraud, will obtained an indefeasible title or interest when registration even if the registration has been obtained by the way of forgery or void instrument. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Insufficient or void Instruments Insufficient or void instruments is laid down under section 340(2)(b) NLC 1965. For example, an instrument of dealing may be considered to be adequate if the instrument has failed to comply with certain procedures or formalities as stipulated by the NCL. Thus the procedures or formalities as stipulated by sections 207 to 211 NLC 1965 must be followed or else the instrument of dealing may be considered to be inadequate. Based on the case of Puran Singh v Kchar Singh Anor, another example of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inadequate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"instrument is an instrument of dealing signed by an lawyer according to an invalid or insufficient power of attorney . On the other hand, Lee and Detta (2009, p.732) notes that void instrument would include one which is forged or violation to any restriction in interest to which the land is subject to any prohibition imposed by the Code or any written law. Examples of instruments which are because of prohibition prescribed by law include the foll owing: Transactions made in violation of the Moneylenders Ordinance 1951. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Transactions made in violation of Malay Reservation Enactments. (Lee and Detta, 2009) Position of Subsequent Purchaser Taking Defeasible Title/Interest Lee and Detta (2009, p.732) acknowledge that section 340(3) provided that nothing in this subsection shall affect any title or interest acquired by any purchaser in good faith and for valuable consideration, or by any person or body claiming through or under such a purchaser. The result of section 340(3) is that where a registered title is presented defeasible by the grounds of the circumstances provided under section 340(2) NCL 1965, it is liable to be void not only in the hands of the immediate registered owner but also any subsequent purchaser. [1] Refer to Appendix 14 [2] Refer to Appendix 15 [3] Refer to Appendix 16 [4] Refer to Appendix 17

The Importance Of Unhealthy Food - 1686 Words

Throughout the years, animals have been hunted and killed for our ancestors’ survival. As time went on, and our society evolved, the desire for unhealthy food rapidly increased. This evolution, indeed, caused the manufacture of food to change. I am almost certain, Americans never stop and consider how the food has been processed, what ingredients it contains, etc. Why do we let corporations hide the truth about our what we take into our bodies? Is a question, we Americans should be seeking the answer too. Food is one of the necessities to survive, thus its vital to know what role unhealthy food plays in our body. There are various unhealthy ways that Americans interact with food. As crazy as it sounds, we do not have a realistic†¦show more content†¦On top of that, even if individuals wanted to educate themselves on this product, it would be almost impossible for them to find the right food products to eat. There is no culture between Americans and suppliers. It is l ike no relationship exist at all besides the exchange of money and food products. Americans do not know where to turn to for the right answers, and corporations are not going to be entirely truthful about our food products. If corporations were to make it aware of the harmful products in our foods, Americans would possibly revolt causing a large food change. Overall, Americans do not have a good relationship with the foods we eat. As of right now, more than one-third of the American population is obese. Individuals were not born to eat unhealthy foods we desire, but since it is everywhere around us, it is nearly inevitable not to eat unhealthily. Corporations are primarily responsible for this unhealthy relationship we have with our food because they dominate the food industry. Back in the day, the United States had over 1,000 slaughterhouses, and now we only have 13 all ran by corporations. Henry Kissinger, an American diplomat, and political scientist once said, â€Å"If you control the food supply, you control the people† which is true because the foods we eat permanently take over our bodies. In the article, The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food, written by Michael Moss outlines how science impactsShow MoreRelatedNational Instructional Pl A Health Program954 Words   |  4 PagesSocial and Emotional Health, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs and Safety. This health education instructional plan relates to the students’ growth because it addresses health issues with age appropriate topics and materials. Students will learn the importance of eating a nutritious and balanced meal. They will also learn how to demonstrate safety. Also, emotional health is addressed. 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Yet many Americans remain oblivious to this nationwide issue andRead MoreObesity : The United States1268 Words   |  6 Pagesand unhealthy lifestyle. Food is critical to human survival; however, cheap food although an indispensable part of our current economy does not comes without a cost. The way the federal agricultural policy works has affected the prevalence of obesity. United States farm policy encourages the excess production and utilization of cheap commodity crops like soy and corn. Post world war two, in an effort to increase yield and solve the food problem thus ensuring that Americans have abundant food at aRead MoreObesity And The American Health Care System914 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mystery of America’s rising size. Obesity cannot be traced back to a single factor, but rather many aspects have contributed to the rise of obesity in America. Parental influence, media exposure, and individual’s rate at which they metabolize food all play a significant role in contributing to obesity in America. The threat of obesity in this country is growing, and as a nation it is imperative that we understand the und erlying cause of the epidemic, and prepare a comprehensive plan on howRead MoreWho Is to Blame for Childhood Obesity?970 Words   |  4 Pageschildren. Some would argue that the fast food industry and school lunches are to blame for childhood obesity because each of these offers unhealthy food choices, and children do not have a fair chance of eating healthy. Although the fast food industry and school lunches do contribute to childhood obesity, parents are to be blamed even more because they are not being honest about the disease, they encourage unhealthy habits, and they don’t teach their children about food and nutrition. First, parents are

The Quest An Archetype in Various Cultural Myths Essay

The Quest Archetype When examining various cultural myths, one archetype keeps repeating—the image of the quest. This archetype functions with various different mythologies as a method of learning about the world, both its external features and what is inside the self. The quest comes from ancient origins and is found in Classical Western culture, but has been fine tuned through the generations. In its most modern interpretations, there are continuing elements of the age old myth, where extenuating circumstances or hubris, place the hero in turmoil and needing to find an answer. Having additional sexual charges, it is clear that through the quest, adulthood is not only reached but embraced. This answer represents a completeness of being,†¦show more content†¦It is interesting to see that in the bulk of varying cultural identities, the archetype meant to find meaning is transformed into a journey in which experience slowly shapes ignorance into enlightenment. Thus, it is clear that the jo urney is important in the path to meaning. Through the journey small lessons are individually learned, and then collectively combined to create a more united whole vision of the world that was previously fragmented and lost in misunderstanding before the individual embarked on the quest. And so, the quest is a dominant archetype in numerous cultures. This creates a larger conception of the journey as the path to enlightenment in a way that can transcend beyond other more mundane cultural boundaries. Truth cannot be understood all at once, and thus it is through the quest that we slowly learn the whole truth of the external world piece by piece. Indigenous traditions represent the oldest cultures which associate the quest archetype with a search for real knowledge of the external world, which was otherwise unavailable to people with little technology to search the external environment empirically. 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Why Should Animals Be Kept in a Zoo Free Essays

I believe animals should be kept in the zoo because it it helps protect our species from being endangered. It also provides the Public education on all the animals, helps endangered species by breeding the animals and animals are mostly born in the zoo not knowing what it is like to live in the wild. Zoos are vital for education. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Should Animals Be Kept in a Zoo or any similar topic only for you Order Now It helps people view beautiful animals that they would never see if they were in the wild.Therefore, it teaches us the threats which hopefully can in courage the public to respect and protect the animals. The money the zoo brings is used for food, care, and breeding programs. Many of the animals in the zoos are captive-breed. The animals have not been taken from the wild and locked up in cages. They were born in captivity and no nothing else other than life in the zoo. They do not miss the wild, since they have no idea such a thing exist and seem to be very happy in the zoo.If animals in the zoo where unhappy they would not have such a breeding success (unhappy or unhealthy do not breed). They are better off in captivity, since they do not have to deal with the dangers of the wild, disease, injurys, predators, or starvation. Its true, that captive conditions in the past were crule. They were kept in crammed cages. This could still be the case in some countries. However in most countries, zoos are carefully watched.The animals are kept in good conditions and as close as possiable to their natural habitant, with lots of space, good diets and good medical care. The animals have things to play with, if they are playful animals. Therefore are helped to solve problems to get there food, rather then it just being found on the floor for them to eat. Ther are many reasons that I think animals should be kept in a zoo. Saftey , education, helping the endagered species, and breeding are all reasons we should keep animals in the zoo. How to cite Why Should Animals Be Kept in a Zoo, Papers

Explication of Mirror by Sylvia Plath free essay sample

â€Å"Mirror† by Sylvia Plath is a poem narrated from the perspective of a mirror. Within this poem, there is a clash between truth and perception. This idea is first presented through the form of the stanzas where the mirror is â€Å"silver and exact† (Plath 1) then when the mirror is â€Å"now [ ] a lake† (10). The poem then illustrates how even the truthful mirror has preconceptions. Then finally how the woman, who comes every morning to look in the mirror often deludes herself with â€Å"those liars, the candles or the moon† (12) and fails to see the truth. In the first stanza, the mirror is reflecting upon itself and says, â€Å"Whatever I see I swallow immediately/ Just as it is† (2-3). The mirror will always reflect back what it is shown; the cold, hard truth. Being awfully proud and arrogant, the mirror describes itself as â€Å"The eye of a little god† (5). This is ironic because the mirror has just been talking about how it is exact, with â€Å"no preconceptions† but it seems to already have a preconceived idea of itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Explication of Mirror by Sylvia Plath or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the second stanza, the mirror says â€Å"Now I am a lake† (10) when a woman looks into it. Mirrors and lakes are two very different things. One produces an exact image; while the other is more unsettling and complicated, containing more depth. The lake will reflect not only the outer appearance and perspective of the woman, it will show the unavoidable truth within her. The woman occasionally deceives herself with â€Å"the candles or the moon† (12) as candles often flicker, altering our perceptions on things. But after all those delusions, she can rely on the lake to â€Å"reflect [her] faithfully† (13). The lake believes that â€Å"She rewards [it] with tears and an agitation of hands. /[It] is important to her. She comes and goes† (14-15) which is yet another preconception. The lake does not see that the tears are tears of sorrow, yet recognizes it as some sort of reward. It also thinks that it is important to her, yet the woman is just using it to search for her true identity. She doesn’t really care about the mirror, she comes merely for the purpose of seeing herself and the mirror is just a tool. In the last two lines of this poem, the mirror says â€Å"in me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman/Rises toward her day after day, like a terrible fish† (17-18). The young girl that used to look into the lake has turned into an old woman and every day, that reflection is changing. The woman is no longer fooled by the preconceptions, but sees a bit more of the truth within the lake day after day. The terrible fish is used as a metaphor for the dark, ugly truth within every single person that we often do not see.